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Turkish Chamber of Electrical Engineers (TMMOB) Grounding Measurements in Electrical Installations and Evaluation of Measurement Results Note: This study was prepared by Electrical Engineer Taner \u0130R\u0130Z and Electrical and Electronics Engineer Ali Fuat AYDIN for use in the trainings of the Chamber of Electrical Engineers. Permission must be obtained from the authors if this work is used outside of the Chamber or if the text is modified. 1. When measuring both soil resistivity and radiating resistance in electrical installations, all electrodes are conceptually considered to be hemispheres. Hemispherical electrodes, which are not used in practice, facilitate calculations in grounding measurement theory. In the case of homogeneous soil resistivity (\u03c1 constant), the resistance of a hemispherical electrode with radius r to the ground can be simply calculated using the relation \u03c1 r2 \u03c0, R yk = R. The potential at a location at a distance x from the center of this electrode is calculated using the relation yk = IR\u03c6 yk = \u03c1I x2 \u03c0, where I is the current flowing through the electrode. In principle, we will use the resistance and potential formulas from the previous slide, creating the appropriate conditions for all calculations. Example: For a vertical rod, ETTY gives the relation R\u00e7 \u03c1= L2 \u03c0 ln L4 D. Here L is the length of the rod and D is its diameter. To calculate the hemispherical equivalent of the rod, the equality \u03c1 r2 \u03c0 = \u03c1 L2 \u03c0 ln L4 D is considered. r = L L4 D ln L=20 cm, D=1 cm. For a stake, r=4.6 cm is found. 3 \u2022 SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS \u2022 SOIL SPREAD RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS \u2022 EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENTS 4 SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS 5 Until recently, soil resistivity measurement concerned a limited group of electrical engineers. 1. Those involved in cathodic protection (the description in TS 4363 is related to cathodic protection.) 2. Those involved in the grounding design of large substations. With the new regulations published in recent years, soil resistivity measurement has begun to concern a wider segment of the population. 6 Article 10\/c-5.i.1 of the Regulation on the Preparation of Electrical Internal Installation Projects dated December 3, 2003, requires the determination of soil resistivity before starting projects. Furthermore, the draft Lightning Protection Regulation also recommends measuring soil resistivity during the design phase of lightning protection systems. Article 16 of the Draft Lightning Protection Regulation states that "in most geographical regions, and especially in areas where temperature and precipitation show unusual seasonal variations, changes in soil resistivity should be taken into account by measuring the depth profile of specific resistivity under different weather conditions." 7 P2 C1 P1 C2 8 \u03c6 1P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 C1P1 1 C2P1 C1 P2 \u03c6 2P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 C1P2 1 C2P2 C2 P1 = \u03c6U P1 \u03c6 P2 = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 C1P1 1 C2P1 1 C1P2 + 1 C2P2 9 (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - - (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - = R = U I \u03c1 2 \u03c0 1 C1P1 1 C2P1 1 C1P2 + 1 C2P2 = k 2 \u03c0 1 C1P1 1 C2P1 1 C1P2 + 1 C2P2 k\u03c1 = U I Here \u03c1 (\u03a9.m) is the resistivity of the soil, I (A) is the current applied to the ground, U (V) is the voltage between the P1 and P2 terminals, and k is a geometric factor. The k factor depends on the distances between the measurement stakes. 10 (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - 1 C1P1 + 1 C2P2 1 C2P1 + 1 C1P2 Measurement stakes can be placed as desired, provided that each created measurement system has its own unique geometric factor. Example x x C1 x P1 P2 x C2 0U = In this case, \u03c1 cannot be measured. 11 (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) \u2019 Various classical methods such as Wenner, Schlumberger, dipole-dipole, single electrode-dipole, half Wenner and half Schlumberger can be used in soil resistivity measurement. All the traditional methods mentioned above are applied by driving 4 measurement stakes into the ground at different intervals along a straight line. While specially developed measuring devices are used for measurements made at small intervals, the voltmeter-ammeter method is used for measurements made at large intervals. A +I current with a frequency of 100-150 Hz is sent to the ground from the C1 terminal of the measuring device. This current returns as -I from the C2 terminal. These currents create a potential difference of U at the P1 and P2 terminals. Measuring devices directly give the U\/I ratio in \u03a9. New generation measuring devices determine the k factor in addition to the U\/I ratio and directly display it. It can also give a resistivity of 12. WENNER METHOD 13 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I I a a a 14 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I a a a \u03c6 1P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 a 1 a2 \u03c6 2P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 a2 = \u03c6U P1 \u03c6 P2 = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 a 1 a2 + 1 a2 1 a 1 a 15 (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - - = R = U I \u03c1 2 \u03c0 1 a 1 a2 + 1 a2 1 a =(cid:247) \u03c1 2 \u03c0 1 a \u03c0= aR2\u03c1 16 \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - SCHLUMBERGER METHOD 17 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I I r O \u0394r 18 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 r \u0394r \u03c6 1P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 r \u0394 2 r 1 r \u0394 2 + r \u03c6 2P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 r \u0394 2 + r 1 r \u0394 2 r = \u03c6U 1P \u03c6 2P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 r 1 r \u0394 2 1 r \u0394 2 + r 1 r \u0394 2 + r + r 1 r \u0394 2 19 (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - - - - (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - = R \u03c1 2 \u03c0 P1P2 \u00a3 C1C2 10 r\u0394 = R \u03c1 2 r2 \u03c0 1 r2 \u0394 2 r \u0394 2 r4 + r2 \u0394 r \u0394 + r2r 2 r 2 \u0394 4 r r 5, provided that \u03c1 \u03c0= 2 r r \u0394 R 20 (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) \u00a3 DIPOLE-DIPOLE METHOD 21 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I nx x I x C1 C2 P1 P2 22 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I x I nx 1 nx 1 + x)2n( + 1 + (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - - 2 n + = R \u03c1 2 \u03c0 2 nn2 2 n2n3 + x)2n)(1n(n + 2 + nn + n2 \u03c1 = \u03c0 xR)2n)(1n(n + + 24 (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - - - - SINGLE ELECTRODE-DIPOL METHOD 25 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I I nx x 26 \u00a5 \u03c6 1P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 0 1 nx \u03c6 2P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 0 1 + x)1n( = \u03c6U 1P \u03c6 2P = \u03c1I 2 \u03c0 1 nx + 1 + x)1n( = R \u03c1 2 \u03c0 + n1n + x)1n(n xR)1n(n2\u03c1 = \u03c0 + 27 (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - - The expressions in the previous slides were derived by assuming the medium has a homogeneous character (r is constant) and the measurement stakes are hemispheres. However, in reality, the earth is not homogeneous. In this respect, the calculated resistivity is called apparent resistivity (AP). AP depends on the geological structure within the earth and the resistivity of this structure. Based on this definition, AP and medium resistivity can only be related if the medium is homogeneous and semi-infinite. They can be equal. In layered cases (which is often the case), the resistivity of each layer is different. 28 Various problems are encountered depending on the number of layers. The semi-infinite single-layer problem is the simplest form, but it often does not meet our needs. The 2-layer model can be a good choice for finding the soil resistivity of locations where MV substations are located. In large substations, the 3-layer model should be preferred. Although the n-layer problem was solved by Stefanescu, it is not often used in electrical engineering practice. The n-layer problem is generally a subject of interest to geophysicists. 29 Air Earth \u03c1 constant h 8 \u03c11 \u03c12 Air Earth Air Earth h1 h2 8 \u03c11 \u03c12 \u03c13 h1 h2 h3 hn \u03c11 \u03c12 \u03c13 . . . . . \u03c1n Air Earth 30 2-LAYER MODEL The difference in resistivities of two layers The ratio of the total to the reflection factor is defined as the reflection factor and is denoted by K. If K = 2\u03c1\u03c1 + 2\u03c11\u03c11\u03c12=\u03c11, then K=0; if the lower layer is a perfect insulator, K=1, and if the upper layer is a perfect insulator, K=-1. In this case, -1<K<Condition 1 is met. -1<K<\u03c12 when 0<\u03c11 (the top layer is more resistant than the bottom layer) 0<K<1 when \u03c11<\u03c12 (the lower layer is more resistant than the upper layer) 31 - Air I Earth \u03c1 32 Air I Earth h \u03c11 \u03c12 33 IMAGE METHOD h h I KI h\u03c1 Air Earth \u03c11 \u03c11 \u03c12 34 \u00a5 \ufb01 2h h 2h KI I KI Air Earth \u03c11 \u03c11 \u03c11 \u03c12 35 KI I KI K2I 2h h 2h 2h Air Earth \u03c11 \u03c11 \u03c11 \u03c11 \u03c12 36 K2I 2h KI Earth I KI K2I a P 2h C 2h 2h = \u03c6 P I\u03c1 1 2 \u03c0 1 a + 2 =1n 2 a n K ( + ) 2 nh2 \u03c11 R\u00f6 C1 P1 P2 C2 I a I a a \u03c1 g \u03c1 1 += 41 = 1n + 1 n K 2 nh2 a 4 = 1n n K + 4 2 nh2 a \u03c1 g = \u03c1 1 ,K(f a h ) 37 \u00a5 \u00a5 (cid:247) (cid:247) (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) (cid:231) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) (cid:229) \u00a5 (cid:229) (cid:229) \u00a5 \u00a5 (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) - (cid:247) \u0142 (cid:246) (cid:231) \u0141 (cid:230) \u03c1g\/\u03c11 ordinate, By assigning values to K from -1 to +1 with a difference of 0.1, where a\/h is the abscissa, and using a logarithmic scale, families of curves f(K, a\/h) can be drawn. These curves are called theoretical resistivity curves for two layers in the Wenner array. K, \u03c11, and h are calculated by superimposing the \u03c1g=f(a) curve obtained in the field with the theoretical \u03c1g\/\u03c11=f(K, a\/h) curve. \u03c12 can be determined from the expression K1 = \u03c12 + K1. 38-39 The radius of the circle whose area is equal to the area of the grounding network is defined as the equivalent radius. The effect of the soil beyond the equivalent radius depth on the grounding resistance can be ignored. To determine whether the soil is homogeneous at the location where the grounding project will be carried out, it is necessary to increase the electrode spacing in the Wenner array to the equivalent radius size. The relation 40 \u03c1=2\u03c0aR is valid if the electrode length L is very small compared to the electrode spacing a (L>r kabul\u00fc ile\nrx\nx\n\u03c6 1P\n=\n\u03c6 2P\n=\n\u03c1I\n2\n\u03c0\n\u03c1I\n2\n\u03c0\n1\nr\n1\ny\n1\nx\n1\nz\n=\n\u03c6U\n1P\n\u03c6\n2P\n=\n\u03c1I\n2\n\u03c0\n1\nr\n1\nx\n+\n1\ny\n1\nz\n62\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n-\n-\n@\n-\n\f=\nR\n=\nU\nI\n\u03c1\n2\n\u03c0\n1\nr\n1\nx\n+\n1\ny\n1\nz\n=\nR\u00f6\n\u03c1\nr2\n\u03c0\n1\nr\nx\n+\nr\ny\nr\nz\n=\nR\n\u00f6\n1R\ng\nr\nx\n+\nr\ny\nr\nz\n63\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n-\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n-\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n-\n\fR\n\u00f6\n=\nR\ng\n1\nr\nx\n+\nr\ny\nr\nz\n=(cid:247)\n1\nr\nx\n1\nx\n+\nr\ny\nr\nz\n=\n0\nr\n+\n1\ny\n1\nz\n=\n0\n1\nx\n+\n1\nx\n+\n1\ny\n1\nz\n=(cid:247)\n0\n=\n1\ny\n1\nz\n64\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n-\n(cid:222)\n-\n-\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n-\n-\n-\n\f+\n1\nx\n1\ny\n=\n1\nz\n=\nz\nxy\n+\nyx\n2\nz\n=\n2\nx\n+\n2\ny\nxy2\ncos\n\u03b8\nP2\nz\ny\nC2\nr\n\u03b8\nx\nT (C1,P1)\n2\nxy\n+\nyx\ncos\n\u03b8\n=\n=\n2\nx\n+\n2\ny\nxy2\ncos\n\u03b8\n+\n\u03be\n2\n1\n2\n\u03be\n1\n1\n++\n\u03be\n2\n2\n\u03be\n\u03be=\nx\ny\n65\n-\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n(cid:247)\n(cid:247)\n\u0142\n(cid:246)\n(cid:231)\n(cid:231)\n\u0141\n(cid:230)\n-\n\fcos\u03b8\n1\n0,875\n\u03b8=29\n\u00ba\nb\na\n1\n\u00a3 \u03be\n618,1\n0,618\n1\n1,618\n\u03be\na\nx\n0,5x\n29\u00ba\n0,618x\nb\na\u2019\n66\n\u00a3\n\fTekil elektrotlar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tesislerde %61,8 y\u00f6ntemi \nuygulan\u0131rsa da, b\u00fcy\u00fck tesislerde diren\u00e7 e\u011frisi \n\u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak, e\u011fride orta b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn e\u011fimi saptan\u0131r, \nbuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ek direnci \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \ngerekli olan gerilim kaz\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenir. Bu \narada ak\u0131m kaz\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tesis merkezine uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \nmerkez \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n 5 kat\u0131ndan az olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.\nB\u00fcy\u00fck ve simetrik olmayan tesislerde 4 nokta \ny\u00f6ntemi, kesi\u015fen do\u011frular y\u00f6ntemi ve e\u011fim \ny\u00f6ntemi uygulanabilir. \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015falt tesislerinde \nak\u0131m ve gerilim kaz\u0131klar\u0131 ters taraflara yerle\u015ftirilir. \nBu t\u00fcr yerlerde voltmetre-ampermetre ya da \nwattmetre-ampermetre y\u00f6ntemleri ye\u011flenmelidir.\n\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck tesislerde kullan\u0131lacak kablo \nba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine paralel olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \na\u00e7\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi de kullan\u0131labilir. Bu durumda x ve y \naras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131 60\u00ba\u2019den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olamaz.\n67\n\f68\n\f69\n\f\u00d6L\u00c7\u00dcM SONU\u00c7LARININ \nDE\u011eERLEND\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130\n70\n\fY\u0131ld\u0131z noktas\u0131 diren\u00e7 \u00fczerinden topraklanm\u0131\u015f \u015febeke; \nZ = R\nI''k1\nL1\nL2\nL3\n71\n\fUlusal a\u011f \u015febekemizde 25 MVA\u2019n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki 154 \/ 34,5 \nkV trafolar\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131z noktalar\u0131;\n-Havai hat \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 merkezlerde 60 \u03a9,\n-Kablo \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 merkezlerde 20 \u03a9 diren\u00e7le topraklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nBu durumda havai hatla beslenen 34,5 kV YG \n\u015febekelerde faz toprak k\u0131sa devre ak\u0131m\u0131\nI 1k\n=\n3\/\n34500\n60\nA300\nKablo \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 34,5 kV \u015febekelerdeki faz toprak k\u0131sa devre \nak\u0131m\u0131 ise\n=\nI 1k\n34500\n20\n3\/\n1000\nA\nile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.\n72\n \n \n@\n\u00a2\n\u00a2\n@\n\u00a2\n\u00a2\n\f\u00d6rnek:\n154 kV\n50 MVA\n34,5 kV\n2000 MVA\n60 \u03a9\n3 x PIGEON\n10 km\n3 x SWALLOW\n1 km\n3 x 95 mm2 XLPE\n200 m\n1000 kVA\n34,5 kV\n0,4 kV\n154\/34,5 kV merkezde sekonder tarafta y\u0131ld\u0131z noktas\u0131 60\u03a9 \ndiren\u00e7le topraklanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan I''k1=300A ile \n73\ns\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \n\fc\nb\na\nV\n1000\n9\n8\n7\n6\n5\n4\n3\ni\nm\n2UTp\n1\n100\n9\n8\n7\n6\n5\ni\nl\ni\nr\ne\ng\na\nm\nn\nu\nk\no\nD\n4\n3\n3\n4\n5 6 7\n8 9 0,1\n2\n3\n87654\n9 1\n2\nAk\u0131m s\u00fcresi t\n3\n87654\n9\n10\ns\nYG` de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ak\u0131m s\u00fcreleri i\u00e7in izin verilen en y\u00fcksek dokunma gerilimleri\na) Hayvanlardaki zamana ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 dokunma gerilimi\nb) Eski VDE 0141\u2019deki dokunma gerilimi \nc) Yeni kabul edilen e\u011fri\n74\n \n \n\fHata s\u00fcresi\ntF\nTopraklama \ngerilimi\nUE\nTesislerin d\u0131\u015f \nduvarlar\u0131nda ve \n\u00e7itlerinde\nTesislerin i\u00e7inde\nBina i\u00e7i \n(dahili tip) \ntesis\nBina d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \n(harici tip)\ntesis\nM4.1 \nveya \nM4.2\ntF>5 s\ntH \n 5 s\nUE \n 4UTp\nM1 veya \nM2\nM3\nUE>4UTp\nUE \n 4UTp\nUT \n UTp \noldu\u011funun \nispat\u0131\nM1 veya \nM2\nM3\nM4.2\nM3\nM4.2\nUE>4UTp\nUE \n UTp oldu\u011funun ispat\u0131\n75\n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n\f76\n\fAG HAVA HATLARINDA FAZ-TOPRAK HATASI \n(FAZ KOPMASI)\nRT\nRB\nRh\nA\nL1\nL2\nL3\nPEN (N)\nRB: \u0130\u015fletme topraklamas\u0131 direnci\nRE: L3 faz\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011fa temas direnci\nU0: Topra\u011fa g\u00f6re anma a.a. gerilimi etkin de\u011feri\n77\n\fE\u015fde\u011fer devre:\n0\nRB\nU0\nRT RH\nA\nRE\nIh\n78\n \n\fRT ve RH diren\u00e7leri ihmal edilirse\nU\n0\n+\nR\nU\n0\n+\nR\nIR\nHB\nI\nh\nU\nR\nR\n=\n=\nB\nB\n=\nE\nB\nR\nR\nUB\nV50\n Madde 3.7 gere\u011fi \nR\nR\nB\nUR\n0B\nU\n0\n50\nU\n0\n50\nU\n0\n+\nR\nR\nR\nR\nR\n50\n1\n+\nR\n+\nE\nE\nE\nB\nB\nE\n1\nB\n1\n50\nB\nB\nE\nR\nU\n0\n50\n50\nB\nR\n+\nR\nE\nB\nU\n0\n50\nR\nR\nE\nB\n50\nETTY s.17 \nR\nR\nB\nE\nU\n0\n50\n79\n \n\u00a3\n\u00a3\n\u2021\n\ufb01\n\u2021\n-\n\u2021\n\ufb01\n-\n\u2021\n\ufb01\n\u2021\n-\n\u00a3\n\f380\/220 V \u015febekede U0=220 V\nR\nR\nB\nE\n50\n220\n50\nR\nR\nB\nE\n50\n170\nR\nR\nB\nE\n294,0\nR\nR\nE\nB\n1\n294,0\nR\nR\nE\nB\n4,3\nR\nE\nR.4,3\nB\n80\n \n\u00a3\n\ufb01\n\u00a3\n\ufb01\n-\n\u00a3\n\u2021\n\ufb01\n\u2021\n\ufb01\n\u2021\n\fL3\n0\n2\nX\nX\nL1\n2\n=\n220\nV250\nX\n50 V\n220 V\nL2\n+\n50\n2\n.2\n220\n.50.\ncos\n120\n81\n@\n-\n\fL uzunlukta, d \u00e7apl\u0131 silindirik topraklay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lma \ndirenci ETTY s.88 \u015eekil T-7\u2019nin alt\u0131nda \nR\n\u03c1=\nL\n\u03c0\nln\nL2\nD\n\u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir.\nd (mm)\n5,58\n6,60\n7,41\n8,34\n9,36\n10,50\n11,79\nRose\nLily\nIris\nPansy\nPopy\nAster\nPholox\nln\n40.2\nd\n9,57\n9,40\n9,29\n9,17\n9,05\n8,93\n8,82\n1\n\u03c0\nln\n40.2\nd\n3,05\n2,99\n2,95\n2,92\n2,88\n2,84\n2,81\nOrt.3\n82\n\fL=1 m\n=\nRE\n\u03c1\n1.\n\u03c0\nln\n1.2\n0086\n,0\n=\n73,1\n\u03c1\nL=10 m\n=\nRE\n\u03c1\n10.\n\u03c0\nln\n10.2\n0086\n,0\n=\n25,0\n\u03c1\nL=40 m\nRE\n3\n\u03c1\u00bb\nL\nRE\n\u03c1075,0\n83\n \n\u00bb\n\fL (m)\n\u03c1 (\u03a9m)\nRE (\u03a9)\n1\n10\n40\n100\n100\n100\n173\n25\n7,5\nO halde y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck temas direnci \nyakla\u015f\u0131k 40 m iletken uzunlu\u011funda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.\n84\n\fR \u2021\nE\nR4,3\nB\nRE\n\u03c1075,0\nR minE\n\u03c1075,0\nR.4,3\u03c1075,0\nB\n\u03c1\n4,3\n075,0\n\u03c1 \u2021\nR\nB\nBR.45\nRB (\u03a9)\n0,1\n1\n2\n)m(\u03a9\u03c1\n5,4\u03c1 \u2021\n\u03c1 \u2021\n\u03c1 \u2021\n45\n90\n85\n@\n\u2021\n\u2021\n(cid:222)\n\u2021\n\fN\u00d6TR KOPMASI\nRB1\nP P P+\u0394P\nL1\nL2\nL3\nPEN (N)\nRB2\nIn\nP\n\u0394=\nU\n0P =\u0394\nU\nn\u00f6tr\n=\nR\nnh\nP\n\u0394 =\nU\nr\nl\nnh\nP\n\u0394\nU\nise\nUn\u00f6tr\n=\n0\n86\n\fRB1\nL1\nL2\nL3\nPEN (N)\nRB2\n87\n\fE\u015fde\u011fer devre:\nU0\nRB1\nI\nU 2\n0\nP\n\u0394\nRB2\n=\nI\nU\n0\nR\n1B\n+\nR\n2B\n+\n2\nU\n0\nP\n\u0394\n=\n(\nR.P\n\u0394\nU.P\n\u0394\n0\n+\nR\n2B\n1B\n)\n+\n2\nU\n0\nU\n2B\n=\nU.P.R\n\u0394\n2B\n0\n)\n+\n+\nR\n2B\n1B\n(\nR.P\n\u0394\n\ufb01=\u0394\nU0P\n2B\n2\nU\n0\n=\n0\n88\n \n\fYG-AG S\u0130STEMLER\u0130NDE \nTOPRAKLAMA \nTES\u0130SLER\u0130N\u0130N \nB\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130\n89\n\fMadde 11\na) Bir y\u00fcksek gerilim tesisinde toprak hatas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \nal\u00e7ak gerilim sisteminin n\u00f6tr veya PEN iletkeni, y\u00fcksek \ngerilim tesis sisteminin topraklama tesisleri ile a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \nko\u015fullar yerine getirilmek kayd\u0131yla ba\u011flanabilir.\n- Al\u00e7ak gerilim \u015febekesinde veya tesis edilen t\u00fcketim \ntesislerinde tehlikeli dokunma gerilimleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaz ise \n(\u00c7izelge 13)\n- T\u00fcketim tesislerinde al\u00e7ak gerilim cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n gerilim \ndayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n (i\u015fletme frekans\u0131ndaki) y\u00fcksekli\u011fi al\u00e7ak gerilim \ny\u0131ld\u0131z noktas\u0131nda bir potansiyel y\u00fckselmesinin sonucu \nolarak \u00c7izelge 13\u2019te izin verilen de\u011ferleri a\u015fmaz ise,\n90\n\fb) Bir y\u00fcksek gerilim tesisi, topraklama alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \nal\u00e7ak gerilim t\u00fcketicilerini besliyorsa; YG topraklama \ntesisleri i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm i\u015fletme ve koruma topraklamalar\u0131 \nbirle\u015ftirilmelidir.\nc) Y\u00fcksek gerilim topraklama tesisinin alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \nal\u00e7ak gerilimli tesislerin beslenmesi:\n- S\u00f6z konusu y\u00fcksek gerilim topraklama tesisi global \ntopraklama sistemine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ise,\n- veya AG \u015febekesinde \u00c7izelge 13\u2019teki ko\u015fullar yerine \ngetirilmi\u015f ise,\nortak topraklama tesisinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.\n91\n\f AG \nSistem \nTipi\n Hata S\u00fcresi\n TT\n TN\n t \u00a3\n 5 s \n t > 5 s\n PEN sadece \nTM\u2019de \ntoprakl\u0131\n PEN bir \u00e7ok \nnoktada \ntoprakl\u0131\n Ortak topraklama ko\u015fullar\u0131\n Dokunma \nGerilimi\n Zorlanma \nGerilimi\n Uygulanmaz\n UE \u00a3\n UE \u00a3\n 1200 V\n 250 V\n UE \u00a3\n UTp\n UE \u00a3\n 2.UTp\n Uygulanmaz\n92\n\fTE\u015eEKK\u00dcR EDER\u0130Z\n93\n\f<\/pre>\n
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